First Nations Kiama

First Nations communities in the Illawarra

The Wodi Wodi are the First Nations custodians of the Illawarra who spoke a variant of the Dharawal language. Dharawal speakers lived and live in the country from Botany Bay to the north, through Campbelltown and Moss Vale to the west, and south to the Shoalhaven River and Jervis Bay. Dharawal people are distinguished as fresh water, bitter water or salt water people, depending on whether they occupied the coastal regions, the swamps or the plateaus and inland river valleys (Department of Environment and Conservation NSW, 2005, p. 6).

Traditional stories tell of the Wodi Wodi's journey in canoes from the north to the mouth of Lake Illawarra, in the time when the Spiritual Ancestors were animals. They brought with them the sacred Dharawal (cabbage tree palm). Baiame is a sacred sky-hero who led the Wodi Wodi to their country, formed the natural features of the land, and gave them their social laws and rites. Totems of the Wodi Wodi include the magpie, lyrebird, pelican, satin bowerbird, the red-bellied blacksnake, and the lace monitor, and these form the heart of culture, and how the people relate to, care for and manage the land (DEC NSW, 2005, p. 7).

Dharawal people moved throughout their territories and, at times, those of their neighbours, depending on season and purpose. They had regular routes but travelled broadly, caring for the country in ceremony and practice, and harvesting only what was needed. People from other language groups travelled from inland areas to the coast to exchange foods, raw materials and artefacts. The fish, oysters, water-fowl, grubs and ochre of the Illawarra were particularly valued by inland people (DEC NSW, 2005, p. 8) .

The Minnamurra River was harvested for fish and shellfish over millennia, as evidenced by the many middens that line the riverbank, and nearby swamplands were home to range of birds. There are midden sites at Bass Point, Minnamurra River, Minnamurra Point, Gerroa and Gerringong, and quarry sites in Shellharbour, Killalea, Knights Hill and Saddleback (Griffin, p. 21). There are also stone arrangements in the Jamberoo Valley and engravings in Foxground. The Bass Point campsites are possibly the oldest dated coastal campsites in NSW, with occupation going back 17,000 years (Flood, p. 286).

 

European colonisation

The first written references to the people of the Central Illawarra may have been by Captain James Cook in April 25 1770, when he recorded his observations in his log book. Bass and Flinders may have recorded the first European contact with the people of this region at Port Kembla in March 1796. Many early settlers, explorers and government officials wrote of the local First Nations people. These reports and letters have been compiled by Michael Organ into a comprehensive collection found in the Kiama Library Local Studies Collection.

The traditional trails used by the Wodi Wodi were the very ones that allowed the cedar-getters, surveyors and settlers to move into the area. European colonisation brought conflict, disease, dispossession of lands, and dramatic environmental changes to the landscape, resulting in the displacement of First Nations communities and loss of traditional homelands. The cedar-getters were the first to come to the region and were followed by European farmers and their animals. As land was cleared and towns established, First Nations families lost their communities, their independence and often their lives. Despite great adversity, First Nations people survived and adapted, and have kept their connection to the land through the maintenance of customs and stories and responsibility for country.

 

The Minnamurra Massacre

An First Nations massacre occurred at the Minnamurra River (near Swamp Road) on 1 October 1818. White settlers massacred at least six First Nations people camped by the river. There were no repercussions for these murders and the massacre was never publicly acknowledged.

On 1 October 2018, members of the First Nations community held a ceremony to mark 200 years since the massacre.

Professor Lyndall Ryan from the University of Newcastle has identified more than 150 massacre sites in New South Wales. Professor Ryan estimates these massacres resulted in the deaths of approximately 6000 First Nations people in the early years of the colony.

 

King Mickey Johnson and Queen Rosie

One of the most famous First Nations inhabitants of this area was King Mickey Johnson (1834 -1906), who was possibly brought to the area by E. H Weston (Albion Park) from the Clarence River region. After working for Weston for around ten years, he moved to Kangaroo Valley with his wife Rosie and was living there during the 1891 census. He and Rosie then moved to Berawaurra (Windang) at the mouth of Lake Illawarra, where they lived for many years.

Mickey was proclaimed 'King of the Illawarra Tribe' at the Illawarra Centenary celebrations in 1896 and was presented with a crescent-shaped brass plate inscribed with 'Mickey Johnson, King' by Archibald Campbell, MLA. First Nations breastplates were a form of regalia used in pre-Federation Australia by white colonial authorities to recognise those they perceived to be local First Nations leaders (First Nations people did not traditionally have kings or chiefs, but rather elders who consulted with each other on decisions for the group).

Mickey later moved to the First Nations camp on the flat at Minnamurra River near the bridge, possibly because of dissatisfaction with his treatment by the Government and the Mission. Mickey and Rosie had five children. Mickey Johnson died in 1906 when he was 72, and is buried in the Kiama cemetery. A small cabin at Minnamurra was provided for Rosie in 1923, through donations from the community. By 1924, there were few First Nations people in Kiama, with the remaining camps at Brown Street, at the top of Bombo Hill and Minnamurra River. 

Rosie later moved to Myola and the Currumbeen Creek area to be with her family and is buried on the northern side of Currumbeen Creek.

Today, Rosie's descendants still live in the Wollongong area.

 

Place name meanings

The following are possible meanings to local place names:

Attunga - high place

Bombo - from Thumbon (renowned head man); or from bumbo (thunder)

Bong Bong - big swamp

Coolangatta - splendid lookout or view

Gerringong - fearful noises on beach

Elanora - home by the sea

Illawarra - from the Aboriginal words elourera or allowrie, meaning high place near the sea

Jamberoo - track or meeting place

Kembla - from djembla (wallaby)

Kiama - name of the father spirit of Eastern NSW (Kiahma or Baiame); or fish caught from rocks; or where the seas roar

Minnamurra - sheltered camping ground, lots of fish

Moruya - home of the black swan

Nowra - black cockatoo

Terrara - scrubby place

Tongarra - place of cabbage trees

Toolijooa - place of emus

Warrigal - wild dog

Wollongong - from wollonyuh or wollonga, meaning sound of the sea or hard ground near water

 

Wodi Wodi words

Fish - Maaura

Mussel - Dalgal

Whale - Gawura

Shield - Bimbiya

Turban Shell - Conk

Berries - Daguba

Abalone - Muttini

Stingray - Daringyan

Kangaroo - Badabarang

Pipi - Burdi

Octopus - Jungah

Eel - Burra

Crab - Galiga

Snake - Mundah

Lobster - Mogurah

Club - Bundi

Oyster - Bidina    

Spear - Gamia

 

Maps, print and online resources

The following is a selection of resources relating to Illawarra and South Coast First Nations history. 

(There is also a wide selection of items in our general lending collection relating to First Nations people - search the catalogue or contact the library for assistance.)

Online resources

Dharawal Dreamtime Stories

D'harawal Stories is a wonderful resource for D'harawal Dreamtime stories, online D'harawal language dictionary, and books for purchase, by Frances Bodkin (Aunty Fran). These stories will teach you about the ancient culture of the D’harawal people. You will learn about their natural rhythms and lessons, language, and the integration of land, animals, nature and people that underpins Aboriginal life in Sydney and the Illawarra.

 

NSW Department of Environment:

Murni, Dhungang, Jirrar: Living in the Illawarra

A History of Aboriginal People of the Illawarra 1770 to 1970

Aboriginal Women's Heritage Wollongong

Aboriginal Women's Heritage Nowra

Aboriginal cultural heritage publications

 

Local History Society Kiama

Reconciliation revealed in Kiama

 

University of Wollongong:

Illawarra Aboriginals: An introductory history (M.K. Organ and C. Speechley, 1997)

Illawarra and South Coast Aborigines: 1770-1900 (M.K. Organ, 1993)

A history of Aboriginal Illawarra Volume 1: Before colonisation (M. Donaldson, L. Bursill, M. Jacobs, 2015)

 

History of the Illawarra:

Aboriginal history of the Illawarra

 

Wollongong City Council: 

Aboriginal Culture and Communities

 

Australian's Together:

Better relationships between Indigenous and non-Indigenous people

 

National Film and Sound Archive (NFSA):

Aboriginal people and the colony of NSW

 

Trove:

Aboriginal languages intriguing and sophisticated

 

List of Australian place names of Aboriginal origin:

Wikipedia

Print resources at Kiama Library

The collection at Kiama Library includes the following resources relating to Illawarra and South Coast Aboriginal history:

  • Illawarra and South Coast Aborigines 1770-1850, (1990), compiled by Michael Organ, Aboriginal Education Unit, University of Wollongong.
  • The Wodi-Wodi people of the Illawarra (1981) by Basil Griffin
  • A History of Aboriginal People of the Illawarra 1770-1970 (2005), Department of Environment and Conservation (NSW)
  • Murni Dhungang Jirrar: Living in the Illawarra, (2005). Department of Environment and Conservation (NSW)
  • What Makes the Waves (Arrilla of Northern Illawarra). This story is said to have been narrated by Ellen, daughter of Mickey Johnson
  • Noogaleek: Belonging to me an Aboriginal oral history, (1987). Illawarra Education Consultative Group
  • Aboriginal History of Our Area, Gerringong and District Historical Society, (pamphlet)
  • Aboriginal Illawarra, (2005), Department of Environment and Conservation (NSW), (pamphlet)
  • Local Aborigines in the Illawarra, Don Nash, (unpublished paper)
  • The Riches of Ancient Australia, Josephine Flood, (1990)
  • Dispossession: Black Australians and White Invaders (1989), Henry Reynolds